1. Partial hepatectomy in normal, noncirrhotic livers is associated with mortality rates of 1% to 2% (improved surgical and anesthetic techniques).
2. Bleeding remains a major complication, and the hepatic veins are a significant source of blood loss. Techniques to maintain CVP at normal or even low (<5 cm H₂O) levels have been suggested to limit blood loss (controversial).
3. Vasopressors have a direct effect on splanchnic vessels, which reduces splanchnic pressure and decreases blood loss.
4. Air embolism, a known complication of hepatic resection, can be predicted based on the need for a large hepatectomy (e.g., a right lobectomy) or when the tumor is near the vena cava or involves portal vessels. Low CVP may increase the risk of venous air embolism.

The Liver: Surgery and Anesthesia

1. Assessment of Hepatic Function
2. Hepatobiliary Imaging
3. Liver Biopsy
4. Hepatic and Hepatobiliary Diseases
5. Acute Liver Failure
6. Acute Hepatitis
7. Alcoholic Hepatitis
8. Drug-Induced Liver Injury
9. Pregnancy-Related Liver Diseases
10. Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension
11. Hemostasis
12. Cardiac Manifestations
13. Renal Dysfunction
14. Pulmonary Complications
15. Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE)
16. Ascites
17. Varices
18. Chronic Cholestatic Disease
19. Chronic Hepatocellular Disease
20. Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)
21. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
22. Preoperative Management
23. Intraoperative Management
24. Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Procedure
25. Hepatic Resection
26. Postoperative Liver Dysfunction