1. Anxiolysis
   1. Parental presence at induction of anesthesia reduces the anxiety of parents but not children.
   2. Distraction Techniques. Preoperative coloring books, stories, videos, and websites may be used to help children of all ages learn about surgery and anesthesia and the equipment that will be used for induction of anesthesia.
   3. Pharmacologic Sedation.Midazolam is the most widely used premedication for children (0.75–1.0 mg/kg [maximum dose, 15–20 mg] to children 18 months to 3 years of age, 0.6–0.75 mg/kg to children 3–6 years of age, 0.5 mg/kg to children 6–10 years of age, and 0.3 mg/kg to children >10 years to a maximum of 15–20 mg to ensure a 98% success rate of sedating children within 10–15 minutes).

Pediatric Anesthesia

1. Anatomy and Physiology
2. Pharmacology
3. Respiration
4. Cardiovascular
5. Central Nervous System
6. Renal
7. Hepatic
8. In Vivo Metabolism
9. Intravenous
10. Sedatives
11. Preoperative Assessment
12. Induction of Anesthesia
13. Preoperative Preparation
14. Induction Techniques
15. Maintenance of Anesthesia
16. Emergency and Recovery from Anesthesia
17. Transfer to the Postanesthesia Care Unit (PACU)