(1) Exercise, stress; (2) infections—esp. bacterial; smear shows increased numbers of immature neutrophils (“left shift”), toxic granulations, Döhle bodies; (3) burns; (4) tissue necrosis (e.g., myocardial, pulmonary, renal infarction); (5) chronic inflammatory disorders (e.g., gout, vasculitis); (6) drugs (e.g., glucocorticoids, epinephrine, lithium); (7) cytokines [e.g., granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)]; (8) myeloproliferative disorders (Chap. 65. Myeloid Leukemias, Myelodysplasia, and Myeloproliferative Syndromes); (9) metabolic (e.g., ketoacidosis, uremia); (10) other—malignant neoplasms, acute hemorrhage or hemolysis, after splenectomy.