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Section 8. Cardiology
110. Physical Examination of the Heart
Carotid Artery Pulse
Jugular Venous Pulsation (JVP)
Precordial Palpation
Auscultation
Heart Sounds
S(1)
S(2)
S(3)
S(4)
Opening Snap (OS)
Ejection Clicks
Midsystolic Clicks
Heart Murmurs
Systolic Murmurs
Diastolic Murmurs
111. Electrocardiography
Standard Approach to the ECG
Intervals (Normal Values in Parentheses)
PR (0.12-0.20 s)
QRS (0.06-0.10 s)
QT (50% of Rr Interval; Corrected QT 0.44 s)
Hypertrophy
Infarction
ST-T Waves
112. Noninvasive Examination of the Heart
Echocardiography
Nuclear Cardiology
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Computed Tomography
113. Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult
Acyanotic Congenital Heart Lesions with Left-to-Right Shunt
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
History
Physical Examination
ECG
CXR
Echocardiogram
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
History
Physical Examination
ECG
CXR
Echocardiogram
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
History
Physical Examination
ECG
CXR
Echocardiography
Progression to Pulmonary Hypertension (PHT)
Acyanotic Congenital Heart Lesions Without A Shunt
Pulmonic Stenosis (PS)
Physical Examination
ECG
CXR
Echocardiography
Congenitally Bicuspid Aortic Valve
Coarctation of the Aorta
Physical Examination
ECG
CXR
Echocardiography
Complex Congenital Heart Lesions
Tetralogy of Fallot
Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries
Ebstein Anomaly
Endocarditis Prophylaxis in Congenital Heart Disease
114. Valvular Heart Disease
Mitral Stenosis (MS)
Etiology
History
Physical Examination
Complications
Laboratory ECG
CXR
Echocardiogram
Mitral Regurgitation (MR)
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Echocardiogram
Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)
Etiology
Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Physical Examination
Echocardiogram
Aortic Stenosis (AS)
Etiologies
Symptoms
Physical Examination
ECG
Echocardiogram
Aortic Regurgitation (AR)
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory ECG and CXR
Echocardiogram
115. Cardiomyopathies and Myocarditis
Dilated Cardiomyopathy (CMP)
Etiology
Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory ECG
CXR
Echocardiogram, CT, and Cardiac MRI
B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory ECG
CXR
Echocardiogram, CT, Cardiac MRI
Cardiac Catheterization
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory ECG
Echocardiogram
Myocarditis
History
Physical Examination
Laboratory
ECG
CXR
Echocardiogram, Cardiac MRI
116. Pericardial Disease
Acute Pericarditis
Etiologies
History
Physical Examination
Laboratory ECG
CXR
Echocardiogram
Cardiac Tamponade
Etiology
History
Physical Examination
Laboratory ECG
CXR
Echocardiogram
Cardiac Catheterization
Constrictive Pericarditis
History
Physical Examination
Laboratory ECG
CXR
Echocardiogram
CT or MRI
Cardiac Catheterization
117. Hypertension
Definition
Secondary Hypertension
Renal Artery Stenosis (Renovascular Hypertension)
Renal Parenchymal Disease
Coarctation of Aorta
Pheochromocytoma
Hyperaldosteronism
Other Causes
118. Metabolic Syndrome
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
119. ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Initial Therapy
Additional Standard Treatment
Complications
Ventricular Arrhythmias
Ventricular Tachycardia
Ventricular Fibrillation
Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm
Supraventricular Arrhythmias
Bradyarrhythmias and AV Block
Heart Failure
Cardiogenic Shock
Hypotension
Acute Mechanical Complications
Pericarditis
Ventricular Aneurysm
Recurrent Angina
Secondary Prevention
120. Unstable Angina and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Antithrombotic Therapies
Anti-Ischemic Therapies
Additional Recommendations
Invasive Vs Conservative Strategy
Long-Term Management
121. Chronic Stable Angina
Angina
Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory ECG
Stress Testing
Coronary Arteriography
Prinzmetal's Variant Angina (Coronary Vasospasm)
122. Bradyarrhythmias
Introduction
Sinoatrial (SA) Node Dysfunction
Diagnosis
AV Block
First Degree
Second Degree
Mobitz I (Wenckebach)
Mobitz II
Third Degree (Complete AV Block)
123. Tachyarrhythmias
Introduction
Preexcitation Syndrome (WPW)
124. Heart Failure and Cor Pulmonale
Heart Failure
COR Pulmonale
125. Diseases of the Aorta
Aortic Aneurysm
Aortic Dissection
Other Abnormalities of the Aorta
126. Peripheral Vascular Disease
Introduction
Arteriosclerosis of Peripheral Arteries
Other Conditions that Impair Peripheral Arterial Flow
Venous Disease
Lymphedema
127. Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)
Physical Examination
Laboratory
Differential Diagnosis