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Case Studies

Authors:

Hoyler Margo

Ivascu Girardi Natalia

A 78-year-old male was admitted with increasing shortness of breath. He had chest pain in the past but was able to continue with normal activities. In the prior year, he experienced two episodes of syncope. On physical examination, a loud systolic murmur could be heard at the left sternal border radiating to the neck. His vital signs were blood pressure 150/90 mm Hg and heart rate 88 beats per minute and irregular. The electrocardiogram (ECG) showed sinus rhythm with atrial premature contractions and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) with strain. A transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) showed a hypertrophied left ventricle (LV), and Doppler echocardiography examination demonstrated severe aortic stenosis (AS) with a mean pressure gradient of 64 mm Hg, mild aortic insufficiency (AI), and moderate mitral regurgitation (MR). He was scheduled for an aortic valve (AV) replacement and a possible mitral valve (MV) repair or replacement.

Medical Disease and Differential Diagnosis

Preoperative Evaluation and Preparation

Intraoperative Management

C.1.

Outline the hemodynamic management goals for each of the four valvular lesions. What are the anesthetic goals with respect to heart rate and rhythm, preload, afterload, and contractility?

C.2.

What are the hemodynamic goals for this patient with a combination of severe AS and MR?

C.3.

How would you monitor this patient with severe AS and MR?

C.4.

Should the patient have a PA catheter placed before induction?

C.5.

Is a PA catheter with pacing capabilities indicated?

C.6.

What anesthetic technique would you employ? Why?

C.7.

What are the usual TEE findings in a patient with AS or MR? How do you grade the severity of AS by TEE? How do you quantify the severity of MR? What is the impact of AS on the severity of MR?

C.8.

What special considerations particular to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) operations do you have for each of the four lesions? Focus on these concerns with respect to the induction and pre-bypass, during bypass, and post-bypass periods.

C.9.

The patient cannot be weaned from CPB following an AV and MV replacement. What are the possible causes?

C.10.

How would you diagnose right-sided heart failure and pulmonary hypertension? How would you treat it?

C.11.

How does an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) work to benefit the failing heart?

C.12.

What role does the IABP have in this setting?

C.13.

What role does TEE play in the placement, timing, and demonstration of efficacy of an IABP?

C.14.

How would you properly time the IABP cycle?

C.15.

What are the contraindications to the use of an IABP?

C.16.

What is the role for ventricular assist devices (VADs)?

Postoperative Management

Alternative Treatments