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- Airway disease: Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) are common causes of dyspnea associated with increased work of breathing. Bronchospasm can cause chest tightness and hyperventilation. Hypoxemia and hypercapnia can result from ventilation-perfusion mismatch.
- Chest wall disorders: Chest wall stiffness (e.g., kyphoscoliosis) and neuromuscular weakness (e.g., myasthenia gravis) cause increased work of breathing.
- Lung parenchymal disorders: Interstitial lung diseases (Chap. 134. Interstitial Lung Disease) cause reduced lung compliance and increased work of breathing. Ventilation-perfusion mismatch and pulmonary fibrosis may lead to hypoxemia. Stimulation of lung receptors can cause hyperventilation.
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