Intestinal malabsorption of ingested nutrients may produce osmotic diarrhea, steatorrhea, or specific deficiencies (e.g., iron; folate; B₁₂; vitamins A, D, E, and K). Table 40-3 lists common causes of intestinal malabsorption. Protein-losing enteropathy may result from several causes of malabsorption; it is associated with hypoalbuminemia and can be detected by measuring stool α₁-antitrypsin or radiolabeled albumin levels. Therapy is directed at the underlying disease.