Section 3. Common Patient Presentations

• 28. Fever, Hyperthermia, and Rash
• Fever
• Fever of Unknown Origin
• Hyperthermia
• 29. Generalized Fatigue
• Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
• 30. Weight Loss
• Etiology
• Clinical Features
• 31. Chest Pain
• Potentially Serious Causes
• Myocardial Ischemia: Angina Pectoris
• Acute Myocardial Infarction
• Pulmonary Embolism
• Aortic Dissection
• Mediastinal Emphysema
• Acute Pericarditis
• Pleurisy
• Less Serious Causes
• Costochondral Pain
• Chest Wall Pain
• Esophageal Pain
• Emotional Disorders
• Other Causes
• 32. Palpitations
• 33. Dyspnea
• Definition
• Causes
• Respiratory System Dyspnea
• Cardiovascular System Dyspnea
• Dyspnea with Normal Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems
• Pulmonary Edema
• 34. Cyanosis
• Central Cyanosis
• Peripheral Cyanosis
• 35. Cough and Hemoptysis
• Cough
• Etiology
• Clinical Assessment
• Hemoptysis
• Etiology
• Clinical Assessment
• 36. Edema
• Definition
• Localized Edema
• Generalized Edema
• 37. Abdominal Pain
• Characteristic Features of Abdominal Pain
• Acute, Catastrophic Abdominal Pain
• Brief History and Physical Examination
• Diagnostic Strategies
• 38. Nausea, Vomiting, and Indigestion
• Nausea and Vomiting
• Pathophysiology
• Etiology
• Evaluation
• Complications
• Indigestion
• Pathophysiology
• Natural History
• Evaluation
• 39. Dysphagia
• Dysphagia
• Pathophysiology
• Oropharyngeal Dysphagia
• Esophageal Dysphagia
• Noncardiac Chest Pain
• Evaluation
• Esophageal Motility Disorders
• Achalasia
• Evaluation
• Spastic Disorders
• Evaluation
• Scleroderma
• Esophageal Inflammation
• Viral Esophagitis
• Candida Esophagitis
• Pill-Related Esophagitis
• Eosinophilic Esophagitis
• Other Causes of Esophagitis in AIDS
• 40. Diarrhea, Malabsorption, and Constipation
• Normal Gastrointestinal Function
• Absorption of Fluid and Electrolytes
• Nutrient Absorption
• Intestinal Motility
• Diarrhea
• Physiology
• Osmotic Diarrhea
• Secretory Diarrhea
• Exudative Diarrhea
• Altered Intestinal Motility
• Decreased Absorptive Surface
• Evaluation History
• Physical Examination
• Stool Examination
• Laboratory Studies
• Other Studies
• Malabsorption Syndromes
• Constipation
• Specific Causes
• 41. Gastrointestinal Bleeding
• Presentation
• Hemodynamic Changes
• Shock
• Laboratory Changes
• Adverse Prognostic Signs
• Upper GI Bleeding
• Causes
• Common
• Less Common
• Evaluation
• Lower GI Bleeding
• Causes
• Evaluation
• Bleeding of Obscure Origin
• 42. Jaundice and Evaluation of Liver Function
• Jaundice
• Definition
• Bilirubin Metabolism
• Etiology
• Evaluation
• Gilbert Syndrome
• Blood Tests of Liver Function
• Bilirubin
• Aminotransferases (Transaminases)
• Alkaline Phosphatase
• 5'-Nucleotidase (5'-NT)
• -Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT)
• Coagulation Factors
• Albumin
• Globulin
• Ammonia
• Hepatobiliary Imaging Procedures
• Ultrasonography (US)
• CT
• MRI
• Radionuclide Scanning
• Cholangiography
• Angiography
• Percutaneous Liver Biopsy
• 43. Ascites
• Definition
• Detection
• Physical Examination
• Ultrasonography/CT
• Evaluation
• Differential Diagnosis
• Pathophysiologic Classification Using Serum-Ascites Albumin Gradient (SAAG)
• Cirrhotic Ascites
• Pathogenesis
• Complications
• Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
• Hepatorenal Syndrome (HRS)
• 44. Lymphadenopathy and Splenomegaly
• Lymphadenopathy
• Splenomegaly
• 45. Anemia and Polycythemia
• Anemia
• Polycythemia (Erythrocytosis)
• Causes
• Complications
• 46. Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities
• Abnormalities of Renal Function, Azotemia
• Abnormalities of Urine Volume
• Oliguria
• Polyuria
• Abnormalities of Urine Composition
• Proteinuria
• Hematuria
• Pyuria
• 47. Pain and Swelling of Joints
• Initial Assessment of A Musculoskeletal Complaint
• Historic Features
• Physical Examination
• Laboratory Investigations
• Diagnostic Imaging
• Special Considerations in the Elderly Patient
• 48. Back and Neck Pain
• Low Back Pain
• Types of Low Back Pain
• Examination
• Laboratory Evaluation
• Etiology
• Lumbar Disk Disease
• Spinal Stenosis
• Trauma
• Spondylolisthesis
• Osteoarthritis (Spondylosis)
• Vertebral Metastases
• Vertebral Osteomyelitis
• Lumbar Adhesive Arachnoiditis
• Immune Disorders
• Osteoporosis
• Visceral Diseases
• Other
• Neck and Shoulder Pain
• Etiology
• Trauma to the Cervical Spine
• Cervical Disk Disease
• Cervical Spondylosis
• Other Causes of Neck Pain
• Thoracic Outlet
• Brachial Plexus and Nerves
• Shoulder
• 49. Headache
• Migraine
• Tension-Type Headache
• Cluster Headache
• Post-Concussion Headache
• Lumbar Puncture Headache
• Indomethacin-Responsive Headaches
• Facial Pain
• 50. Syncope
• Etiology
• Neurocardiogenic (Vasovagal and Vasodepressor) Syncope
• Postural (Orthostatic) Hypotension
• Differential Diagnosis
• Seizures
• Hypoglycemia
• Cataplexy
• Psychiatric Disorders
• 51. Dizziness and Vertigo
• Faintness
• Vertigo
• Peripheral Vertigo
• Central Vertigo
• 52. Acute Visual Loss and Double Vision
• Transient or Sudden Visual Loss
• Double Vision (DIPLOPIA)
• 53. Weakness and Paralysis
• 54. Tremor and Movement Disorders
• Bradykinesia
• Tremor
• Essential Tremor (ET)
• Dystonia
• Choreoathetosis
• Huntington's Disease (HD)
• TICS
• Myoclonus
• Asterixis
• 55. Aphasia
• Clinical Features
• Wernicke's Aphasia
• Broca's Aphasia
• Global Aphasia
• Conduction Aphasia
• Laboratory Evaluation
• 56. Sleep Disorders
• Insomnia
• Psychophysiologic Insomnia
• Drugs and Medications
• Movement Disorders
• Other Neurologic Disorders
• Psychiatric Disorders
• Medical Disorders
• Disorders of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
• Sleep Apnea Syndromes
• Narcolepsy
• Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
• 57. Dysuria and Bladder Pain
• Dysuria
• Epidemiology
• Clinical Manifestations
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Bladder Pain